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RECOLLECTIONS 



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West Virginia Campaign, 



THE THREE MONTHS TROOPS." 



May, June, and July, 1861. 



BY AN ENGINEER OFFICER. 



PRIVATE COPY. 

FROM THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE, "OLD AND NEJV,' 

FOR JUNE, 1873. 



BOSTON : 

1873- 



^» % 



## ' > 



RECOLLECTIONS 



West Virginia Campaign, 



THE THREE MONTHS TROOPS." 



May, June, and July, 1861, 



BY AN ENGINEER OFFICER. 



PRIVA TE COPY. 

FROM THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE, "OLD AND NEM^', 

FOR JUNE, 1873. 




BOSTON ; 
1873. 



THE WEST VIEGINIA CAMPAIGN OF 1861. 

BY AN OFFICER OF U. S. ENGINEERS. 



I RECEIVED orders, May 1, 1861, 
to join Major-Gen. G. B. McClellan, 
Ohio Volunteers, and joined that offi- 
cer at Cincinnati upon the 14th of 
May; and the same day I was or- 
dered, and passed on, to Cairo, III., 
as confidential officer and engineer, to 
fortify that position, and Bird Point 
opposite, on the right bank of the 
Mississippi. And during the next 
ten days that I remained there, I 
traced out, and had commenced, two 
lines of defence. The inner one, for 
the protection of stores and a garri- 
son of some three thousand men, was 
well under way, as also a battery at 
the South Point. I also laid out a 
work at Bird Point, about a hun- 
dred yards square, with bastions at 
the two diagonal corners, — south-west 
and north-east ; the other two angles 
having been made slightly acute for 
a better flanking fire. 

From constant and reliable reports 
of refugees, and with the knowledge 
I had of the thirty-five thousand to 
forty thousand troops of Ohio, Indi- 
ana, and Illinois, then embodied 
under Gen. McClellan's orders, and for 
whom I found there were steamers 
enough on the rivers near, I was fully 
satisfied that the Mississippi could 
be swept to New Orleans, and held 
firmly ; and. Gen. J. H. Prentiss (111. 
Vols.) in command there coinciding, I 
then earnestly urged this course upon 
Gen. McClellan. 

The general at first sent Dr. Stuke- 
ly (U.S.A.), and again Capt. John 
Rogers (U.S.N".), to learn more defi- 
nitely of these probabilities ; and, im- 
mediately after Rogers' return, I was 
(on May 23) telegraphed to go back to 



Cincinnati, as Major Marcy (chief of 
staff) informed me on my arrival, for 
the purpose of aiding in carrying out 
that project for the seizure of the Mis- 
sissippi River. 

But, the day after my orders were 
sent me, the telegraphic news reached 
Gen. McClellan, of the irruj^tion of 
the. rebel general, R. S. Garnett, into 
West Virginia, — a part of his district, 
— with a force of several thousand 
men. Geri. McClellan immediately 
visited Indianapolis to review the In- 
diana troops there, commanded by the 
Indiana brigadier-general, T. A. Mor- 
ris, whom he at once ordered to Grafton, 
Va., with several Indiana regiments 
(the Sixth, Seventh, and Ninth), and 
the Ohio Fourteenth, under Col. James 
Steedman; which place Gen. Morris 
reached (by the way of Wheeling) by 
the 1st of June. 

While at Cincinnati, awaiting (as 
his chief engineer) Gen. McClellan's 
return, I received his orders, stated to 
be on the application of Gen. Morris, 
to join that general at Wheeling; 
which I did about May 30 ; and, within 
some two days after, I was requested 
by Gen. ]\^rris to act confidentially 
for him, and^according to my best 
judgment, in organizing and prepar- 
ing the troops then reaching him for 
service- in West Virginia. 

Gen. T. A. Morris was a distin- 
guished graduate of West Point, of 
the year 1834 ; but, for many years, he 
had been a resident of Indianapolis, 
where his noble character had en- 
deared him to the people of Indiana ; 
so that his influence was invaluable 
to the government in bringing out the 
first troops for the war. And, of all 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



677 



the first ten generals that I was 
brought in contact with in this war, 
there was no one surpassed, if any one 
equalled, him in his most unselfish 
devotion to the public service. His 
chief aide (or chief of staff") was Major 
John Love, a West-Point graduate, 
and a careful, faithful friend of Gen. 
Morris ; his junior aide a Lieut. Hines ; 
his assistant adjutant-general was 
Capt. I. A. Stein, a talented and ac- 
complished officer of the volunteers; 
and his quartermaster, Capt. D. L. 
Smith, one of the most useful and faith- 
ful men for his grade and duties that I 
have ever known. These officers were 
the main assistants of Gen. Morris, as 
his staff", through the whole campaign. 
Upon reaching Grafton, a railroad 
position some thirty to forty miles 
south-west of Wheeling, Col. Kelly, 
with the First West Virginia Infantry, 
was found in command; and it was 
learned that Col. G. A. Porterfield of 
the rebel Virginians, with his regi- 
ment and some other troops, was at 
Philippi, twelve miles south. And 
two expeditions were at once sent out, 
that very night, by Gen. Morris, to 
cut him off", — one to our left, or east 
of the Tyger River, under Col. Kelly ; 
the other under Col. Dumont, Seventh 
Indiana, with parts of the Sixth and 
Ninth lWa.(and with Lander assist- 
ant aide-de-camp, afterwards general), 
went from our rightAto cut off" es- 
cape to the south-west. These troops 
marched all night in violent rains, and 
met very nearly at daylight, at either 
end c.f the bridge, at the west of the 
villa<^ ■ of Philippi ; though had Kel- 
ly's guide been faithful, or done his 
duty, and brought his troops in at the 
east of the village, the whole force 
must have been captured without re- 
sistance. The old road actually en- 
tered the town on the east over the 
hill north. 



As it was, with a slight collision, in 
which Kelly only was wounded (by a 
rebel commissary clerk), the whole 
force of Porterfield was routed towards 
Beverly, thirty miles south-east (he 
himself escaping with only the clothes 
he stood in), leaving all the '•' public 
property," several boxes of " squirrel 
rifles," their ammunition, six flags and 
colors (four of which I secured for 
McClellan), Porterfield's trunk, com- 
mission, epaulets, &c. ; and all their 
bags and baggage, all their private 
property, every thing were left behind 
them. 

I had made a request to accompany 
Kelly's expedition at its starting from 
Grafton ; but Gen. Morris replied, 
" I have more important duties for 
you here." But when, at noon the 
next day. Lander came down, appar- 
ently completely exhausted, reporting 
a hard fight, and Col. Kelly mortal- 
ly wounded, and that our new troops 
were greatly disorganized, and in fear 
of a return attack from Porterfield, 
Gen. Morris turned to me, saying, 
" You must go up and take, command." 
And (by an engine kept ready for 
the part of the route four miles west 
to Webster) I left in ten minutes, 
— as soon as Gen. Morris's orders to 
take command could be written ; and, 
taking horse for the twelve miles 
from Webster, I reached Philippi, 
at four to five, p.m., and finding Col. 
Kelly lying, as was supposed, mortal- 
ly wounded, I took Col. Dumont and 
the other commandants of regiments, 
with me (no one of them hesitating, 
or objecting to my command by Gen. 
Morris's orders), and, examining the 
three outlet roads from %he village, I 
placed one of these regiments at each 
of these roads, witlTloufe*=»posts and 
pickets in advance against the feared 
surprise, retaining Dumont (as senior) 
for a reserve at the court-house, 



678 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861 



whither he had found, or caused to be 
brought, the most of the captured 
property. 

A report was at once sent to Gen. 
Morris in the morning, that we had 
had no attack during the night ; and 
about that time, the anticipated dan- 
ger being over, Col. Dumont began to 
fret, and to ask who was in command, 
or whether he was- not the senior. 
But when, by the return note from Gen. 
Morris in the afternoon, I was recalled 
to Grafton, as needed there, and Du- 
mont found he was to be left on his 
own resources, he urged me greatly 
to remain in command ; and his pres- 
sure afterwards was so strong on Gen. 
Morris for this, that I was sent back 
for more permanent command there, 
the second day after, or about the 5th 
or 6th of June. 

I had known the rebel commander 
(Col. Porterfield) in Mexico, as adju- 
tant of Hamtramck's Virginia regi- 
ment, and esteemed him so much, that 
I had, years afterwards, given him a 
clerkship in Washington. And as, 
during this second visit, I found we 
had captured all his personal baggage, 
which we neither wished to pillage nor 
retain, as our men had not, at that 
time, their appetites whetted for plun- 
der (as was the case afterwards, I am 
sorry to say, with some at Corrick's 
Ford), I had the wish to return him 
this personal property : and propos- 
ing it to Gen. Morris, then at Grafton, 
•he telegraphed McClellan, who ap- 
proved it ; and within a day or two I 
sent out for this purpose a shrewd, con- 
fidentM officer, with a few men and a 
wagon, to take Col. Porterfield's trunk, 
&c., to him, to Beverly, where he was 
supposed to be, — about thirty miles 
south-east of Philippi. Of course, 
this officer was not to go with his 
eyes shut ; and he did not do so. For 
finding no troops on the whole route 



to stop him, and but a small guard 
at Beverly, he pushed on eight miles 
farther, to Huttonsville, to deliver the 
property. His return, of course, as- 
sured us of our security from any 
large force for some forty miles to our 
front. 

I regret to say that I received 
in answer a letter from Porterfield, 
which, though very civil otherwise, 
was not entirely ingenuous, denying, 
as it did, that the trunk was his own. 
On which (the mails not being then 
entirely stopped) I replied to him 
that it contained his own commission 
as colonel, military books with his 
name in them, and the hat and epau- 
lets of his rank. This commission I 
had retained; and subsequently, in 
August, I received a letter from his 
wife at Martinsburg, Va., on our 
border-lines, which requested the re- 
turn of that commission ; while she 
enclosed me the proceedings of a court 
of inquiry upon her husbaud for this 
flight from Philippi. This court was, 
as it appeared, presided over by Col. 
Taliaferro of the Twenty-third rebel 
Virginia Kegiment ; wliich regiment 
we had, in the mean time (in July), 
routed, with the capture of his flag 
and baggage, &c., at Corrick's Ford, as 
will be seen hereafter. 

I continued at Pliilippi as captain 
— confidential aide — in' command, 
(though addressed as colonel by Gen. 
Morris) for some two to three weeks ; 
there being about four regiments, or 
some twenty-five hundred to three 
thousand men there ; Col. James Steed- 
man (Fourteenth Ohio), Col. Dumont 
(Seventh Indiana), being senior 
colonels : of the others, th^re were 
Col. Crittenden (Sixth Indiana), Col. 
Milroy (iSTinth Indiana), and Col. 
Irvine with a battalion of the Six- 
teenth Ohio Regiment, and a section 
of Col. Barnett's (Cleveland, O.) ar- 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



679 



tillery. In front, south-east, fourteen and to save them from fatigue) by a 
miles on the hither side of the Laurel blind forest road, from our right at 
Mountains, on the Beverly Road, lay Philippi, to take Garnett in rear from 



the south side of Laurel Hill ; while 
I myself planned to move twelve 
hours later with the remaining force, 
to attack him in front, some twelve to 
fourteen miles distant ; and I actually 
wrote letters, saying, " Unless bad luck 

will 



Gen. R. S. Garnett, the chief rebel 

commander, in a fortified camp, with, 

as it was finally ascertained, some five 

thousand to six thousand men at least, 

held in an iron discipline, with some four 

hundred to six hundred finely mounted 

cavalry. And constant scouting and or McClellan comes, by Friday I 

skirmishing was occurring night and have Garnett." 

day in the dozen miles between our 

camps ; men being killed and taken 

on either side now and then. We had 

no mounted men, until Gen. Morris, 

after much delay, procured fifty Colt's 

revolvers ; when he bought horses, 

saddles and bridles to match, and we 

mounted some fifty men of the infan- 



But McClellan did come by that 
Friday (about the 19th July) ; and, 
on explaining the plans to him, 
he, soon after this, directed a simi- 
lar movement, though over greater 
space, and involving greater delay. 
Instead of a near attack, by crossing 
within the triangle (of fifteen to 



try regiments. But within one week twenty miles on a side) between Phi- 
more than half of them were dismount- lippi, Buckhannon, and Laurel Hill, 
ed and useless ; the horses or men to Garnett's Camp, by a march of some 
becoming unfit for the service. twenty hours, as had been intended, he 
We were several (some eight or ten) decided to act on the roads of the lar- 
days in this position, where some of gest triangle (of twenty-five to thir- 
the colonels — especially Milroy, a ty miles of a side), which connects 
good, brave, but rash officer — were con- the towns of Philippi, Buckhannon, 
stantly urging me to attack Garnett ; and Beverly ; which involved a delay 
for which, I understood, I had the that was eventually prolonged to four 



authority from Gen. Morris (then at 
Grafton ) whenever I deemed it to be 
judicious. But, not then being able to 
obtain the slightest assM?'erf information 
of the numbers or strength of Garnett's 



weeks, — up to the 12th and 13th 
July. 

In the mean time, McClellan con- 
tinued my duties with Morris as his 
own confidential officer, — a position 



forces, I constantly and positively that, in fact, I held with Morris also. 



refused until I should have some 
such knowledge. I, however, was sat- 
isfied that his force was far superior 
to our own ; and, sending this word to 
Gen. Morris, he telegraphed to McClel- 
lan, at Cincinnati, who sent some ad- 
ditional regiments; and, these begin- 
ning to arrive about the 12th and 
14tli of June, I arranged for a double 
attack on Garnett at Laurel Hill. 



And he soon began to send the bulk 
of the troops to Buckhannon (some 
thirty-five miles south-west of Graf- 
ton) with all the mounted men, — three 
organized squadrons ; although, on my 
earnest representation to him of their 
great necessity to us, he had prom- 
ised 'Ho divide" with us at Philippi, 
but did not. And he brought to- 
gether there at Buckhannon some nine 



I proposed to start at mid-day, about thousand men in front of Pegram's 
half my force to go in wagons for twenty-five hundred, while he left Mor- 
half the distance (for greater speed, ris, with little more than three thou- 



680 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



sand men, at Philippi, to watch Gar- 
nett's five thousand or six thousand 
men intrenched at fourteen miles dis- 
tance, to guard that he should not come 
North, towards us, or escape to his 
right or left, on our side of Laurel 
Hill. And, of this force of ours, he 
even ordered away the Sixth* Ohio 
Eegiment (some eight hundred men) ; 
but he allowed them finally to remain, 
upon strong letters of remonstrance 
from both Morris and myself, but with 
a harshjetter to Morris, that he should 
consider any further application for 
troops as equivalent to a resignation 
of his command. 

With our pickets and detachments 
constantly skirmishing day and night, 
we continued in this position for six 
or eight days, under orders to watch, 
and hold Garnett in check; while 
McClellan, as we understood, was pre- 
paring to attack him, as we expected, 
each day. But at length, one evening, 
at ten, p.m., we received orders from 
McClellan to move forward, and take 
position at Eliot's place, near Beel- 
ington (about a -mile and a half 
short of Garnett's camp), by six the 
next morning. And by this order we 
were directed to leave the road, and 
cross and recross the river on our 
right to avoid a supposed defile. I 
was immediately intrusted with the 
entire order and arrangement of the 
troops, times of starting, &c. ; and at 
once told Gen. Morris that we must 
not cross the river as ordered, as it 
would give the alarm (if not given 
before), and expose us to destruction. 
The troops moved at two, a.m., in a 
special, written regular order given 
out ; and, marching till just before 
daylight, we had reached half way, 
when we rested at the head of the 
column some twenty minutes to close 
up. And then we moved rapidly to 
Eliot's, reaching there by five, a.m., 



and meeting mounted pickets, or their 
scouts, first, only within a half-mile 
of Eliot's, when tliey fired upon us, and 
fled rapidly to the main body, to give 
the alarm of '' a scouting-party," as we 
heard they supposed us to be. We 
had expected to meet them several 
miles in advance of this position, as 
we should have done but for this gross 
and unusual negligence on their part. 

I led this movement with the ad- 
vance company of skirmishers, using 
my own judgment in every case before 
I would allow delay to the column for 
scouting. And, although flanked by 
platoons of men scattered on the right 
and left, we marched steadily, even 
with them and the column close in 
rear of us, through all open fields of 
two hundred or three hundred yards 
width in all cases, — except only in, 
woods, on a hillside above us, and 
the few short distances where woods 
occurred on both sides ; and the col- 
umn was really not delayed one half- 
hour on such accounts. And I have 
never doubted, that, had we been per- 
mitted to push on, we could have sur- 
prised Garnett in his camp that morn- 
ing. His pickets or his scouts had 
been so unusually and unaccountably 
absent or neglectful as to leave the 
whole route unguarded, and even un- 
watched, as stated. 

We established ourselves as directed, 
with the headquarters at Eliot's house, 
and with most of the command in 
advance of us some half-mile, with 
pickets beyond to nearly twice that 
distance; and a small intrenchment 
was attempted on a rocky hill within 
our lines, one afternoon, while, during 
a violent thunder-storm, we expected 
an attack from Garnett's forces under 
cover of the heavy rain and darkness 
of the storm. The advance of the ene- 
my was actually reported ; and the 
precaution of the artillery fire (the 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



681 



first that many of our men had ever 
witnessed), into the advancing storm- 
cloud, supposed to cover the rebel 
approach, made a spectacle very ex- 
citing as well as grand; while with 
each order for the discharge came 
forth the approving cheer from the 
men at their intrenching work, — the 
" Bully for you ! " of the Western men, 
— the first time I had ever heard 
this cry. 

And for nearly a week, with occa- 
sional alarms of an attack in force, we 
watched this road to the north, and 
those to the right and left, along the 
north face of the mountain, as ordered 
by McClellan ; it being understood (as 
was stated by him) that he was to 
take care of the road south, over the 
mountain ; by which road Garnett 
eventually escaped. We had daily 
skirmishing — now and then a man 
killed, and some two to five wounded 
each day, on either side — for the five 
or six days we lay there ; from time 
to time routing out Garnett's camp 
with our artillery, which I had placed 
on the different near hills as they 
could reach him. This continued until 
about seven, A.M., on the morning of 
the 12th of July; when a sergeant 
of the command (a preacher at home), 
who had been on picket, or (scouting 
on his own account), came rushing into 
Morris's headquarters at Eliot's House, 
crying out, " They are gone, they are 
all gone ! We can see no one in their 
camj\" I mounted at once, and went 
forward to Garnett's camp, reconnoi- 
tring carefully as we came near, and 
entered the works, which I found 
were in a continuous line from the 
woods at the north to the mountain 
on the west. I there saw manifest 
signs of their leaving in great haste. 
Many articles of value, even, had been 
abandoned, and much that was useful. 
I sent back at once to request that 



Gen. Morris would send forward two 
regiments, and a wagon-load or two of 
biscuit, for the pursuit. And ivhile 
tvaitlng for these in Garnett's camp, 
about nine, a.m., I received from Gen. 
Morris an order sent to him by Gen. 
McClellan, informing him of the rout 
of Pegram, and forbiddhiff him to at- 
tack Garnett. 

As soon as the first regiment ar- 
rived, we started to go over the Laurel 
Mountain, and reach the south side, 
about three or four miles distant, be- 
tween one and two, p.m. Here Gen. 
Morris joined us ; and, after remaining 
an hour or so, he returned to camp to 
bring up the rest of his men. But he 
directed me not to move from that po- 
sition until he rejoined us, as he ex- 
pected to some time that afternoon. 
We very soon ascertained that Gar- 
nett, instead of continuing south to 
Beverly (ten or twelve miles distant), 
had turned to his left, to the north- 
east, on a road at the foot of the Lau- 
rel Mountain, towards the village of 
New Interest. While delayed here, 
and after writing and sending off 
a report to McClellan, I exacted a 2^os- 
itive promise from Col. Milroy of the 
Ninth Lidiana Regiment (whose ill- 
judged zeal I greatly feared), that he 
would remain there, as we were ordered 
by Morris ; and I then made a re- 
connoissance to the front, towards 
Leedsville, two to three miles south. 
Yet upon my return, about dusk, I 
found Milro}^, in his earnestness, had 
broken his word with me, and started 
off" with his regiment (all the command 
following) to the north-east, on the 
road at the mountain's foot, on the 
trail of Garnett. I overtook him on 
the route, about a mile and a half, 
and finally prevented bis farther ad- 
vance, but not till I had lain down in 
the road, for his men to march over 
me if he persisted. 



682 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



The troops then closed up somewhat, 
and went into bivouac ; there being but 
one small farmhouse near, which gave 
cover to many of the officers during a 
violent storm that commenced at dark, 
and lasted most of the night. About 
nine or ten, p.m.. Gen. Morris joined 
us, and was quite indignant at Mil- 
roy's disobedience, saying he should 
not lead the march in the pursuit on 
the next day to punish him for this 
disobedience of his order; by which 
he had found every thing — artillery, 
wagons, and all — were in the greatest 
confusion on this narrow mountain- 
path at midnight. 

About ten, p.m., orders came from 
McClellan, then at Beverly (in re- 
sponse to my report), for us to pursue 
with the earliest light, and stating 
that Gen. Hill had orders sent him 
to intercept Garnett where he was 
expected to pass at the " Eed House," 
near Oakland, some twenty-five or 
thirty miles to the north-east of us. 

At daylight of the 13th, I started 
in command of the advance column, 
with Col. Steedraan (Fourteenth 
Ohio) leading, then two guns of Col. 
Barnett's Cleveland (Ohio) Artillery, 
then Col. Dumont (Seventh Indi- 
ana), a battalion of the Sixteenth Ohio 
(Lieut.-Col, Irvine), and last Col. 
Milroy (iSTinth Indiana), placed in 
rear on account of disobedience and 
breach of promise of the day before ; 
there being some eighteen hundred 
men in all. On reaching Kew In- 
terest, at six to seven, a.m., we be- 
gan to find the camp equipage scat- 
tered along the road ; first tent-poles, 
then tents, and then camp-furniture. 
And soon we made sure that Garnett 
had turned off over a winding, hilly 
road, to his right, which passed over 
several mountain spurs to branches of 
the Cheat Eiver, and led to the village 
of St. Georges, some fifteen to twenty 



miles to the north-east on its right 
bank ; and, later, we found, as we 
entered this mountain road, that the 
more valuable camp-furniture was 
then being left behind, and among 
the first (probably as an example), the 
fine camp-stools, &c. (as marked) of 
Gen. Garnett himself. We then came 
upon barricades of trees felled across 
the roads upon the mountain slopes, 
and at all defiles and steep "hill-, 
sides : " some eighteen or twenty such 
obst;ructions, from eighty to three 
hundred yards in extent on the road, 
were encountered in the march of 
some eight to ten miles over two 
spurs of the mountains. The rebels, 
fortunately for us, left their axes as 
they fled from our advance skirmish- 
ers, sometimes by twos and threes, 
struck into the trees woodman like, 
sometimes by the boxful even ; and 
thus we were soon enabled, with our 
Western woodsmen, to cleaj: these 
roads even for our artillery : so that, 
when we eventually reached the Cheat 
River, near noon, our guns joined our 
advance regiment (Steedman's) with- 
in twenty to thirty minutes after. 

On this route, about ten to eleven, 
A.M., after passing the second moun- 
tain-spur, we came upon the last camp 
of Garnett, deserted in such haste, 
that the provisions were actually 
cooking upon the fires, and were 
soon devoured by our half-famished 
men; for many of them, as I that 
morning learned, had had nothing to 
eat since they left their own camp 
early the day before, from the over- 
sight of their officers, or in their haste 
to join in the pursuit ; I myself se- 
curing a cracker and a bit of broiled 
pork, — almost my first food for 
twenty-four hours. 

About ten to eleven, A.M., we came 
upon some wagons loaded with cloth- 
ing, drab overcoats, &c. ; with which 



The Wed Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



683 



I at once equipped our advance skir- 
mishers, to deceive the enemy, as 
well as to protect ourselves from the 
violent storm which had been raging 
for several hours. The drab overcoats 
(made of their negro cloth) I found 
were quite useful in masking our ap- 
proach from the stragglers of the 
rebels in front, or from their desert- 
ers, who, in several instances, were, 
at the first, much alarmed at the idea 
that they had fallen into the hands of 
theiv :wn rear-guard while attempt- 
ing to escape. And at length, after a 
march of four to five hours during tliis 
most violent rain, in which it poured 
through my felt hat, down my neck, 
through ray clothes, and down inside 
my boots (the men being much worse 
off, as I fear, as they were frequently 
over their ankles in mud), we left the 
mountain-passes, and came upon 
the signs of cultivation, and reached 
the river — the Black Fork of the 
Cheat River — about five miles above 
or south-west of its junction. I crossed 
with two or three officers, direct- 
ing all others to remain on our 
own- side. We immediately discov- 
ered the rebel wagon-train resting in 
a field in the river bottom, about 
five hundred yards in advance, and 
apparently entirely unsuspicious of 
our approach. I at once directed Col. 
Steedraan, as soon as he could learn 
that our guns were near his regiment, 
and Dumont well up behind them, 
that he should cross carefully ; and 
passing along by the road on the 
right bank, as it curved to our left, 
and was screened by the thick trees 
ai\d bushes on the right of this road, 
he was to endeavor to pass to the 
right and rear of their wagons, with- 
out, as appeared possible, his being 
discovered. 

These guns of Barnett were re- 
ported to be well up, and Dumont just 



behind them, ready to close in some 
fifteen or twenty minutes after ; and 
the movement of Steedman com- 
menced with every prospect of his 
getting to their rear unseen, and of 
capturing the whole train, as he 
moved with much boldness and dis- 
cretion. But, at this juncture, a 
scoundrel straggler, who had crossed 
without permission, fired off his mus- 
ket in the air, towards the wagon- 
train, as I could only suppose on pur- 
pose to drive them forward, and avoid 
a fight. I endeavored to gallop over 
him with my horse ; but he escaped 
down the steep bank into the river. 
But the train, for this time at least, 
was saved ; for we saw the wagons 
move on immediately after, and then 
two lines of infantry draw out to pro- 
tect them ; and they started on the run 
for the next ford. 

I delayed Steedman there until 
most of our troops had closed up ; and 
then we moved on as rapidly as pos- 
sible, crossing this second ford after 
covering with our fire the adjacent 
hills to prevent a suspected ambuscade. 
And about two miles farther on, from 
a high hill, we came in sight of their 
regiments, on a regular run, and so 
near, that I ordered up the guns, 
directing the vis a tergo of a few dis- 
charges to expedite their movement, 
already characterized by one of our 
Western captains as a "lojig dog- 
trot." 

This force was still followed as rap- 
idly as possible ; although two mes- 
sages had already readied me from 
Gen. Morris, each with a contingency, 
fortunately, " to stop the pursuit." I 
had the first message before I came 
to the first ford : it was brought by 
young Pritchard (son of lieutenant- 
colonel of Sixth Indiana), who had 
been sent back with the first flag, 
captured, as it was, under my horse's 



684 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



feet. Tliis order required, that, if I 
" was not sure of reaching the enemy 
within two or three hours," I " must 
halt, and rest my men." The second 
message, by Sergeant-Major Fletcher 
of the Sixth Indiana, directed me to 
stop, and rest my men, unless I " was 
immediately upon the enemy." A 
third, by Gen. Morris's aide (Lieut. 
Hines), reached me as I was arran- 
ging for action at Corrick's Ford, and 
was, to "stop at once, unless" I 
" was ready to strike ; " to which my 
reply simply was, "Wait five min- 
utes ! " Gen. Morris afterwards told 
me, another (a fourth) message had 
been sent, — a positive order to stop 
at once (and, as I understood, by 
Whitelaw Reid, a Cincinnati report- 
er) ; but, as the general said, " This 
was not delivered, as you were found 
to be fighting." These orders were 
sent because Gen. Morris had • seen 
only the stragglers who " fell by the 
wayside ; " while I had the " whale- 
bone " with me. 

^Our march thus continued for 
about three miles from the second 
ford, till we came to another field of 
river-bottom land, and another ford. 
Here we saw that the rebel troops 
had crossed, and that a part of their 
train was in the river, apparently 
balked; and we soon found that they 
were making dispositions to defend 
this traift, from the steep, elevated 
ground (about sixty to eighty feet 
above the river) on the opposite side ; 
the river being some hundred and 
twenty yards wide and three feet deep 
at this ford. 

The advance regiments (Steedman's 
a'ld next Dumont's), with Barnett's 
Aiuillery, were soon arranged along the 
river-bank, behind a rail fence, par- 
tially covered by a slight screen of 
trees ; and our fire first opened at them 
across the river upon their more ad- 



vantageous position ; and I could not 
force our gallant fellows, so unused to 
the danger, to take the slight cover 
of the bank of an old channel-way, a 
few rods in their rear, — a cover such 
as before the war closed, however, with 
just as much of bravery, our men, on 
other fields, had learned to appreciate, 
and to seize on all occasions. We 
received a strong musketry-fire in re- 
turn ; and soon their cannon opened 
on us, with the usual efi"ect, or, rather, 
non-effect, from a much more elevated 
position, fortunately for us, for the 
most part ; and we replied more effec- 
tively with our riflemen and artillery. 
As, however, in the course of some 
ten to fifteen minutes I discovered a 
break in the hill on their left, which 
indicated an easier ascent than by 
the steep bank in our front, I sent 
orders to Dumont to cross at our right, 
and move up this valley-gorge to at- 
tack them. This was soon proved to 
be impossible (as I found afterwards, 
this slope was strewn with dead ce- 
dars), and the steepness was too great 
directly in front. I saw the men 
flat on the ground, endeavoring to 
crawl up the bank ; and Col. Milroy, 
who followed Dumont closely, rode 
up to me, and reported the hill to be 
entirely impracticable. I sent word 
by him to Dumont to go down the 
river with his regiment, and to hug 
the cover of the bank, on the side of 
the enemy ; and that he would cer- 
tainly find the road below them, op- 
posite our left. The firing still con- 
tinued for some fifteen to twenty min- 
utes longer, between our main body 
and the rebels on the hill ; our men 
picking ofi" their gunners whenever 
seen through the branches of the 
trees. And at length I saw tlie men 
of Dumont moving (Jown as directed, 
until they passed the rebel front at 
the foot of the bank, and turned in- 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



685 



land, to the right of the enemy, bring- 
ing themselves at once in rear of their 
position ; when the rebels hastily re- 
treated past the next ford, some five 
hundred yards distant, leaving their 
cannon, and their dead and wounded, 
behind them. And they were closely 
followed by Dumont's regiment shir- 
mishing in their rear. 

I afterwards learned that Col. Du- 
mont complained much of this order 
(whicli, in fact, " turned the tide of 
battle," and closed it at that point) 
by saying that he had nearly executed 
the first order for an attack on rebel 
left, when he was ordered down 
•' between the two fires." As to which 
I can say, that, besides my XLiitnessing 
their ineffectual efforts to make that 
assault, I had the positive report 
of Col. Milroy, who came from them, 
that the hill was impassable ; while it 
is further a fact, that not a single man 
of Dicnonfs regiment was either 
killed or ivounded during the pass- 
age under the bank along the rebel 
front. 

At about the time of this retreat of 
the enemy from his position on the 
hill, the leading regiment (the Sixth 
Indiana) of Gen. Morris's main col- 
umn, that had hurried up, hearing the 
firing, joined us, though too late to 
share in the action. 

I crossed over immediately after 
Dumont's success, finding twenty-two 
heavily-loaded wagons stalled in the 
river, and a like number in the road- 
way made through an impracticable 
laurel-thicket on the other side, — all 
with their horses and harnesses at- 
tached. And ascending by the rear, 
to the plateau they had just occupied, 
we found their cannon and caisson, 
with the dead gunners (seven or eight 
men) lying around the piece, mostly 
shot in the head, some directly above 
the mouth ; the only sight our men 



had, being through the bush embra- 
sures. 

The position Garnett had selected 
here was one of the best natural de- 
fensive sites I ever saw. It was a 
cleared field of some two hundred 
yards square, with a steep bank sixty 
to eighty feet down to the river. The 
bank was covered with thick under- 
growth, and fringed at the top with 
trees whose branches had been cut 
away to give firing views, — embra- 
sures, in fact, for their guns. On 
their left, a steep ravine of a V 
cross section, filled with dead cedars, 
as stated, protected them, as we had 
found, completely from assault ; and 
on their right flank, as this plateau 
dropped to near the river-level, they 
were covered by the broad laurel- 
thicket, impracticable to man or 
beast, even to the smaller animals, 
except by roadways cut through by 
the axe. 

While examining the dead at this 
position. Major Gordon (just recently 
sergeant-major of the Ninth Indi- 
ana) came up to me, asking if I 
knew Garnett, saying an officer had 
just been killed at the next near 
ford, who had "stars on his shoulders." 
I at once accompanied him, crossing 
the ford ; and, about twenty yards 
beyond, I found the rebel general, R. 
S. Garnett, lying dead, and near him 
the body of a young lad, in the uniform 
of the Georgia troops (gray with black 
facings, like that of our Indiana regi- 
ments). No other signs of strife were 
near ; and I learned that they had been 
killed from a clump of bushes on our 
side the river-bank, by the fire, at about 
the same time, of three of our ad- 
vanced scouts. Recognizing Garnett 
at once, who, six years before, re- 
ceived the majority I had declined 
in the Ninth U. S. Infantry, I had 
Major Gordon remove and take care 



686 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



of his sword, watch, and purse (of 
Confederate nionoj'-), reserving for our 
use, as much needed, a fine map of 
Virginia, and liis field-glass. 

We had his body taken to the 
house of Mr. Corrick, on the adjacent 
hill ; and I may here state, that the 
next day we selected Garnett's own 
ambulance for his remains, which 
were placed in a box with salt. And 
Major Gordon, by Gen. Morris's or- 
der, was sent with the body, sword, 
&c., to Grafton ; from which place 
they were forwarded, as early as prac- 
ticable, to his friends at Eichmond, 
Va. ; a courtesy but poorly repaid by 
the rebels at Bull Eun the next 
week. 

We afterwards learned from Mr. 
Corrick, that as the rear of the rebel 
column was in full retreat past his 
house, after the action with us at 
their wagon-train. Gen. Garnett came 
there, and called upon his men for 
thirty sharpshooters to go back with 
him " to pick off the officers " of our 
troops ; that he could obtain only 
about fifteen, who returned with him 
to the field, where he was killed, when 
all who could, escaped. I have my- 
self but little doubt that he returned 
in the expectation or hope of losing 
his life in mortification at this disas- 
trous rout. 

After thus identifying the body, 
and giving the directions for the 
proper care of it, I returned to our 
troops, now, for the most part, across 
the ford, near the stalled rebel wagon- 
train, and directed one of the lead- 
ing colonels, who had done finely in 
this pursuit, to select his best disci- 
plined and most reliable company to 
take the charge of that train and the 
property captured ; to await the orders 
of Gen. Morris, and then to let his 
men have rest and food, if obtaina- 
ble. Upon which, I went forward 



for some two miles, following Du- 
mont's regiment (which had been 
previously advanced as skirmish- 
ers), to ascertain if there was any 
hope of reaching any other consid- 
erable body of the enemy. This 
seemed entirely out of the question, 
as the main force of some three thou- 
sand to four thousand, at least, ap- 
peared to have been continuously in 
full retreat ; while the rear-guard of 
two or three regiments had fought us 
to save their wagon-trains if pos- 
sible. 

On giving up the further pursuit, 
indispensably, from the weariness and 
hunger of our men, Dumont's regi- 
ment was directed to go into bivouac 
from one to two miles in advance of 
Corrick's ; and, returning late in the 
afternoon, I found Gen. Morris at 
Corrick's house, with all the command 
near. But, going to the captured wag- 
on-train, I discovered that a systematic 
pillage of the whole train had been 
going on under the direction of the 
colonel in whose charge it had been 
left. 

The rebel troops appear to have 
been amply supplied with every neces- 
sary — clothing, medical stores, tents, 
&c. — except provisions; and the of- 
ficers, generally, with splendid cam- 
paign outfits, such as I have never 
seen at any time with our troops, 
either before or since. And I found ' 
all the boxes of clothing had been 
broken up, and their contents dis- 
tributed by that colonel to his regi- 
ment, or to his favorites of the other 
troops ; the more valuable stores, and 
the trunks of the rebel officers, being 
especially secured by himself and 
those around him, as appeared. One 
young man attached to our staff, now 
commissioned in the army, told me he 
saw this colonel with a « double hand- 
ful of gold watches." I was greatly 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



687 



mortified at this betrayal of the trust 
given to this officer ; but on reporting 
it to Gen. Morris, as the rifling of 
the train appeared to have been pretty 
successfully and thoroughly complet- 
ed, there seemed to be then no reme- 
dy, especially in this moment of suc- 
cess, with these new and undisci- 
plined troops just going out of service, 
as they all knew. 

The killed and wounded on our 
side were limited to five or six only, 
as they mostly fired upon us down 
hill. Of the rebels we found about 
fifteen bodies, and some twenty to 
thirty wounded. There were also 
taken three flags, a fi.ne rifled can- 
non, a military chest with bank 
money ready for signing, and — be- 
sides a large amount of valuable 
private property — the train to the 
number of forty-four heavily-loaded 
wagons, with their hoirses and har- 
nesses even (some hundred and fifty 
to two hundred in all) ; and, in the 
pursuit next day and the day after, 
about fifteen more loaded wagons 
were captured, or about sixty in all. 
They were loaded with clothing, blan- 
kets, tents, &c., and at an estimated 
value, as far as we could judge, of at 
least some two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand dollars. The quartermaster at 
the Grafton depot afterwards told me, 
that there had reached that station, 
• within the next two or three weeks 
(and by difficult or mountain roads), 
an amount of property worth at least 
a hundred thousand dollars. And 
thii5 was after weeks of plunder- 
ing by the occupants of the adjacent 
farms, and after nearly all the horses 
and large amounts of other property, 
as I was told, had been run across the 
Ohio lliver. by these retiring troops, 
whose three months of service ex- 
pired, for the most part, within one 
or two weeks after this action, which 



ended the first campaign in West 
Virginia. 

The report of the action was writ- 
ten and sent to Gen. McClellan from 
Corrick's House, on the morning of 
the 14th, and received by him at 
Huttonsville, Va., about thirty-five 
miles south-east, at " eleven, p.m ; " 
when he at once telegraphed this suc- 
cess toWashington in glowing colors. 
Upon the 14th of July, having 
gathered up the most of the proper- 
ty left by the enemy. Gen. Morris's 
column started on its march to the 
town of St. Georges, on the Cheat 
River, about eight to ten miles north- 
east of Corrick's Ford ; and, for the 
first four or five miles, we followed 
the route of the rebels, who from 
thence had passed more to the east- 
ward, — to the south of Oakland, 
where Gen. Hill (of Toledo, 0.) had 
been ordered by McClellan, but failed 
to intercept them. These routed 
forces were in such a state of suffer- 
ing for provisions, as I was informed 
a short time after by some of the 
principal persons in that vicinity, 
that they actually caught the fowls 
from the barn-yards as they passed 
along; and, tearing the feathers off, 
they devoured them raw. 

Our route to St. Georges lay 
through three or four fords of the 
Cheat River ; and, on reaching the 
second and third fords, we found sev- 
eral of their baggage-wagons broken 
down and deserted, and many rooms 
and outhouses at the farms near, 
filled with the carpet-bags these new 
troops had used in place of knapsacks, 
and with bales of new blankets, &c. ; 
and again, a mile or two farther 
to the right of the route we pursued, 
I found and took possession of eleven 
wagons, loaded with clothing, &c., 
which were left, after the horses had 
been taken away, the evening previous. 



688 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



Gathering up the most of this prop- 
erty, and impressing the farmers near 
with their teams (in compensation 
for their own plunder still retained), 
we at length, that evening (of the 
14th), reached St. Georges. Our men, 
also, had suffered greatly for the want 
of food ; their main reliance that 
day, as well as on the afternoon pre- 
vious, having been only the beef cat- 
tle of the vicinity, which, though 
found in abundance, for the most 
part had to be eaten, as just killed 
and roasted, without bread, vegeta- 
bles, or salt; though, we had the 
adjacent country scoured by mounted 
men, for several miles, for this last 
indispensable condiment, which was 
either wanting, or concealed from us. 
The effects of this diet upon the men, 
so accustomed to salt provisions, was 
most injurious and weakening, accom- 
panied with purgings and vomitings : 
so that next day, when we moved 
back to our old camp (some twenty- 
five to thirty miles), whole companies 
of men, as it was told me, — the 
whole battalion of the Sixteenth 
Ohio especially, — marched the entire 
distance without food, in their fear of 
using this unsalted beef. 

After resting the men for the night 
at St. Georges, on the 15th of July, 
Gen. Morris directed their return to 
Eliot's, near Beelington, where all ar- 
rived either that evening or the next 
day. I roay mention, that, some four 
or five miles out from St. Georges, a 
few bush-whackers, screened in a 
thicket on a steep hill near the road, 
attempted the assassination of Gen. 
Morris by pouring their fire into his 
ambulance, which, however, was oc- 
cupied by only rebel officers, prisoners. 
And, when once back in camp, the 
preparations were then made for the 
return and muster-out of these troops, 
nearly all of whose three-months' 



terms expired within the next eight 
or ten days. 

It may be mentioned here, in clos- 
ing this narrative of the campaign, 
that the main column, of some nine 
thousand men, had lain for some ten 
days, under Gen. ^McClellan, between 
Buckhannon and Rich Mountain, in 
front of Pegram ; and from them (on 
the 11th of July) about three thou- 
sand men were sent, under Rosecrans 
(with the gallant Lander as confiden- 
tial aide of McClellan), to get some 
seven miles in rear of Pegram, where 
they captured a two-gun battery un- 
der Capt. De Lagnel, '•' with two hun- 
dred and twenty-eight men " (as De 
Lagnel gave the account to Col. Mor- 
row of McClellan staff). Upon which 
success Pegram retreated to his right ; 
and, after two days, he surrendered, 
with some six hundred men, to Gen. 
McClellan. And at Philippi, Morris's 
column of three thousand to four 
thousand men, on the 2d of June, 
routed Porterfield and some fifteen 
hundred men, capturing four to six 
flags, a large quantity of small-arms 
&c. ; and at Corrick's Ford, on the 
13th of July, these same troops rout- 
ed the main force of the enemy in 
Virginia, estimated at five thousand, 
or upwards (some five regiments, be- 
sides artillery and cavalry), killed 
their commanding general, and cap- 
tured three flags, a fine rifled cannon, • 
and all his train and munitions of 
war. So that Gen. McClellan, on re- 
ceiving the news of this action at 
eleven, p.m., the next evening (July 
14), was able to telegraph, '' We have iCtUiC 
Garnett ; the enemy are annihilated ; 
and I firmly believe secession is killed 
in West Virginia." 

Upon the evening of the 16th, Major 
Marcy, chief of staff of Gen. McCiel- 
lan, came to Eliot's (en route to Wash- 
ington) witJi McClellan's reports, and 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



689 



the flags from Philippi, and requir- 
ing also those just captured, which, 
being still with the regiments in 
camp, he would not wait for, but or- 
dered to be " sent express to Washing- 
ton." 

Major Marcy had with him at this 
time four flags that had been captured 
at Phillippi, which, with considerable 
difficulty and management, I had re- 
covered from the colonels of the regi- 
ments who had them, and sent to 
Gen. McClellan some time previously. 
One of them, I recollect, was an ele- 
gant green silk cavalry flag, or guidon, 
with gold bullion tassels and fringe, 
that had within the week been pre- 
sented to the Highland Guards by 
the ladies of Highland County ; when 
the captain, as we were told, hatl 
promised •' to defend that flag with 
the last drop of his blood," &c. I pre- 
sume, however, he forgot his prom- 
ise, as no one was killed in this rout. 
As this banner had on it in gold 
letters the motto, " god defend 
THE RIGHT," I had the pleasure, 
soon after, of sending word to the 
ladies of Highland County '' that 
God had heard and answered their 
prayer." 

Of the three flags taken at Corrick's 
Ford, one was a large flag of Col. 
Taliaferro's Twenty-third Virginia 
Eegiment ; another was a silk flag of 
Col. Ramsey's Georgia Regiment; 
and the third, taken just after the 
action, was an elegant white silk color, 
with silver tassels and fringe, and 
over the arms of Georgia the motto, 
" COTTON IS KING," suruiounting the 
temple. This beautiful and unique 
banner has proved too much for the 
honesty of some of the people about 
the Wliite House or the War Depart- 
ment ; for in the winter of 18G3 and 
'64, when I found most of these other 
flags in the war-office, this white bau- 

44 



ner had disappeared, as had also the 
green silk cavalry guidon taken at 
Philippi. 

Major Marcy proceeded to Wash- 
ington, reaching there a day or two 
before the defeat of Bull Run, and at 
a most fortunate moment, as it proved, 
for himself and his chief ; for though 
it is certain, I believe, that neither 
McClellan nor any of his staff (not on 
detached service) had been within the 
range of a hostile cannon, if they had 
even heard its sound, in all these ac- 
tions and skirmishes, yet, within that 
week, McClellan's chief of staff. Ma- 
jor Marcy, was made inspector-gen- 
eral, and McClellan himself the ma- 
jor-general and actim chief of our 
whole army. 

This short record of facts might 
close here, were it not somewhat in- 
structive to notice the course of this 
general in relation to his active assist- 
ants in this brief and brilliant cam- 
paign, in so strong contrast to the 
constant action of his last successor 
in the war, as the results have shown ; 
and in such stronger contrast even, in 
the final positions and success of these 
two generals. 

At the time of Major Marcy's visit 
at Eliot's, he showed the roll of 
McClellan's report, stating the names 
of the "but three persons specially 
mentioned" in that report, the two 
confidential officers from his staff, and 
one of the detached commanders. 
That report, in 1864, was not to be 
found at the War Department, al- 
though its forwarding letter of July 
15 was there : so that what that com- 
mendation of these officers was can- 
not now be ascertained, although, in 
one case at least, at that time, it was 
read by the officer referred to. 

What his final action may have 
been towards his commander at Rich 
Mountain is not known; but for 



690 



The West Virginia Campaign of 1861. 



his other commander, one of the best 
and noblest of men, and upon whom 
the responsibility had rested of the 
course which had given McClellan 
his main victory, he suppressed the 
commission of major-general, when 
signed by Lincoln, by aspersions on 
that officer, as I was told by a promi- 
nent official of Congress, a near rela- 
tive of that officer ; while to his own 
staif-officer with this commander, and 
thus temporarily under this general's 
orders, McClellan had written as fol- 
lows, at the very hour he dated his 
first despatch to Washington (eleven, 
P.M.) : " Allow me to express my sin- 
cere thanks, and my profound admi- 
ration of your heroic courage and 
great professional skill, evinced in the 
late rout of Garnett's forces. Let 
me assure you that nothing would 
give me more satisfaction than to 
give you the full credit you deserve," 
&c. To this officer, on being noti- 
fied that the president would make 
him a brigadier-general, if he (Mc- 
Clellan) approved, he sent back (and 
this within the same week) a telegram 
of the most bitter and insulting char- 
acter, and delayed for months his ap- 
pointment as a general, besides injur- 
ing him in many ways for years after. 
And this simply because that officer 
had received from Gen. Morris the 



order to take the captured flags to 
Washington, as McClellan's own chief 
of staff had directed, and as was a pro- 
per order to the staff-officer command- 
ing the advanced fighting force. 

And as to the fourth officer (now 
dead), the possessor of his papers told 
me of two similarly contrasting tele- 
grams among them from McClellan, — 
one, as an answer to some suggestions 
of this most active and gallant officer, 
to the effect that he was to mind his 
own duties, and " attend to his own 
regiments " (this officer being then a 
general); the other, three weeks later, 
said, " Come to me, and do for me as 
you did at Rich Mountain." 

Well indeed might that officer have 
said to McClellan, as he told me he 
did in the first week of his- arrival 
in Washington, " General, if you are 
to hold the high position you now 
have, it will not do for you to kick 
down the ladders by which you rose," 
— words prophetic, though the speaker 
did not live to see that general's fall, 
or the rise of another to his position, 
who has clung to every good man 
about him, who had aided him as 
he rose (as every such man has clung 
to him), until he now holds the high- 
est position in the gift of a great 
free people that the world has ever 
known. 



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